Two theory-based programs to increase mammography screening rates among asymptomatic women were implemented and evaluated in the community. One program (E) was based on the Health Belief Model (HBM); the second program (EP) added exercises adapted from the social psychology of compliance. Program impact on screening among 295 primarily Caucasian, middle-class women was evaluated against untreated controls (C) over a 6-month period. Both programs led to increases in HBM components (Perceived Susceptibility, and Perceived Benefits) and Intentions to obtain a mammogram. Screening rates 2 to 3 times higher were observed in the EP and E over C conditions; EP and E did not differ. A mediational model of compliance illustrated the interplay of HBM components in the compliance process.